Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philological sciences Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philological sciences Ученые записки Крымского федерального университета имени В. И. Вернадского. Филологические науки 2413-1679 109136 10.29039/2413-1679-2025-11-4-153-177 Теория, история, стратегии развития социальных коммуникаций Theory, history, strategies for the development of social communications Теория, история, стратегии развития социальных коммуникаций BETWEEN FEAR AND LAUGHTER: THE TACTICS OF «INFORMATION ATTACKS» IN THE ANGLO-FRENCH PRESS DURING THE CRIMEAN WAR МЕЖДУ СТРАХОМ И СМЕХОМ: ТАКТИКА «ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ АТАК» В АНГЛО-ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ ПРЕССЕ ЭПОХИ КРЫМСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ Орехов В. В. Orehov V. V. Крымский федеральный университет им. В. И. Вернадского Россия Крымский федеральный университет им. В. И. Вернадского Russian Federation Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет имени Февзи Якубова Россия Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет имени Февзи Якубова Russian Federation 02 12 2025 02 12 2025 11 4 153 177 02 12 2025 https://sn-philol.cfuv.ru/arhiv/между-страхом-и-смехом-тактика-инфо/

Статья выявляет сходства и различия в тактике антироссийской пропаганды, развернутой в эпоху Крымской войны английской и французской прессой. Предметом сопоставления послужили два английских и два французских издания, типологически и генетически связанные между собой: «The Illustrated London News» vs «L’Illustration» и «Punch» vs «Le Charivari». Наблюдения показали, что английская антироссийская пропаганда эпохи Крымской войны имела более ожесточенный и циничный характер, нежели французская. Это объяснялось набором факторов. Английская армия в Крыму несла высокие боевые и небоевые потери; английское общественное мнение не было подготовлено заблаговременно к войне против России; в английском обществе существовал немногочисленный, но все же заметный сегмент, не разделявший военных планов правительства. Воинственность общественных настроений приходилось взращивать «аврально» и подпитывать экстремально жесткими «вбросами», повергающими в ужас и ярость перед лицом «русской угрозы». В целом же тактика пропаганды в Англии и во Франции строилась по единой схеме: с одной стороны, насаждался страх перед «русской угрозой», с другой – происходило осмеяние России, убеждавшее обывателя в легкой победе над ней.

The article identifies similarities and differences in the tactics of anti-Russian propaganda deployed by the British and French press during the Crimean War. The comparison focused on two British and two French publications, typologically and genetically related: The Illustrated London News vs. L’Illustration, and Punch vs. Le Charivari. Observations revealed that British anti-Russian propaganda during the Crimean War was more virulent and cynical than its French counterpart. This was explained by a combination of factors. The British army suffered high combat and non-combat losses in Crimea; British public opinion was not prepared in advance for war against Russia; and a small, but still noticeable, segment of British society did not share the government’s military plans. Public sentiment had to be fostered «in an emergency» and fueled by extremely harsh «information dumps» that evoked horror and rage in the face of the «Russian threat.» Overall, propaganda tactics in England and France followed a similar pattern: on the one hand, fear of the «Russian threat» was instilled, while on the other, Russia was ridiculed, convincing the average person of an easy victory

 информационная война «Иллюстрированные лондонские новости» «Иллюстрация» «Панч» «Шаривари» «резня в Ханко» «Синопская резня» Роджер Фентон. information warfare The Illustrated London News Illustration Punch Charivari Honga Massacre Sinop Massacre Roger Fenton.

Ajzenshtat M. P., Turlygin A. A. Istoricheskoe znanie vo vzaimnyh predstavleniyah britanskih i rossijskih liberalov konca XVIII–XIX v. [Historical knowledge in mutual perceptions of British and Russian liberals of the late 18th– Ajzenshtat M. P., Turlygin A. A. Istoricheskoe znanie vo vzaimnyh predstavleniyah britanskih i rossijskih liberalov konca XVIII–XIX v. [Historical knowledge in mutual perceptions of British and Russian liberals of the late 18th– Ajrapetov O. R. 15 iz 1000 (Neboevye poteri russkoj armii) [15 out of 1000 (Non-combat losses of the Russian army)]. Rodina, 1995, no. 3–4, p. 114–115. Ajrapetov O. R. 15 iz 1000 (Neboevye poteri russkoj armii) [15 out of 1000 (Non-combat losses of the Russian army)]. Rodina, 1995, no. 3–4, p. 114–115. Alent’eva T. V. Anglijskij vzglyad na Krymskuyu vojnu [The English view of the Crimean War]. Nauchnyj vestnik Kryma, 2024, no. 4 (50), p. 1–18. Alent’eva T. V. Anglijskij vzglyad na Krymskuyu vojnu [The English view of the Crimean War]. Nauchnyj vestnik Kryma, 2024, no. 4 (50), p. 1–18. Belyaeva A. M. Neizvestnye ranee sostoyaniya litografij Onore Dom’e v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Previously unknown states of lithographs by Honore Daumier in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum]. 5. Belyaeva A. M. Neizvestnye ranee sostoyaniya litografij Onore Dom’e v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Previously unknown states of lithographs by Honore Daumier in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum]. 5. Bobkov M. Yu. Osveshchenie Krymskoj vojny v gazete «The Times» (noyabr’dekabr’ 1853 g.) [Coverage of the Crimean War in the newspaper “The Times” (November–December 1853)]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Bobkov M. Yu. Osveshchenie Krymskoj vojny v gazete «The Times» (noyabr’dekabr’ 1853 g.) [Coverage of the Crimean War in the newspaper “The Times” (November–December 1853)]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Gete I. V. Iz moej zhizni. Poeziya i Pravda [From my life. Poetry and truth]. Moscow, Hudozhestvennaya literature Publ., 1969. 606 Gete I. V. Iz moej zhizni. Poeziya i Pravda [From my life. Poetry and truth]. Moscow, Hudozhestvennaya literature Publ., 1969. 606 Gyubbenet A. Ya., Gyubbenet O. Ya. Professor hirurgii H. Ya. Gyubbenet i ego vospominaniya ob oborone Sevastopolya 1854–1855 gg. [Professor of surgery H. Ya. Gyubbenet and his memories of the defense of Sevastopol Gyubbenet A. Ya., Gyubbenet O. Ya. Professor hirurgii H. Ya. Gyubbenet i ego vospominaniya ob oborone Sevastopolya 1854–1855 gg. [Professor of surgery H. Ya. Gyubbenet and his memories of the defense of Sevastopol Il’ichev A. V. Narrativ vostochnogo despotizma vo vneshnej politike Francii pervoj poloviny XIX v.: svyazi i analogii s sovremennost’yu [The narrative of oriental despotism in the foreign policy of France in the first half of the 19th Il’ichev A. V. Narrativ vostochnogo despotizma vo vneshnej politike Francii pervoj poloviny XIX v.: svyazi i analogii s sovremennost’yu [The narrative of oriental despotism in the foreign policy of France in the first half of the 19th Krasavchenko T. N. Syuzhet o Krymskoj vojne (1853–1856) v britanskoj kul’ture [The plot of the Crimean War (1853–1856) in British culture]. Social’nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Ser. 7: Krasavchenko T. N. Syuzhet o Krymskoj vojne (1853–1856) v britanskoj kul’ture [The plot of the Crimean War (1853–1856) in British culture]. Social’nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Ser. 7: Krasnopol’skaya V. Istoriya Krymskoj vojny – eto uchebnik, po kotoromu nuzhno uchit’sya reagirovat’ na segodnyashnie informacionnye vyzovy [The History of the Crimean War is a textbook for learning how to respond to Krasnopol’skaya V. Istoriya Krymskoj vojny – eto uchebnik, po kotoromu nuzhno uchit’sya reagirovat’ na segodnyashnie informacionnye vyzovy [The History of the Crimean War is a textbook for learning how to respond to Mel’nikov V. A., Sharipova D. N. Krymskaya kampaniya 1853–1856 gg. – pervaya informacionnaya vojna v istorii protivostoyaniya mirovyh derzhav [The Crimean campaign of 1853–1856 – the first information war in the history Mel’nikov V. A., Sharipova D. N. Krymskaya kampaniya 1853–1856 gg. – pervaya informacionnaya vojna v istorii protivostoyaniya mirovyh derzhav [The Crimean campaign of 1853–1856 – the first information war in the history Migal’ A. S. Osmanskaya imperiya glazami anglijskih puteshestvennikov XVIII veka [The Ottoman Empire through the eyes of English travelers of the 18th century]. Istoriya i istoricheskaya pamyat’: mezhvuz. sb. nauch. tr. 18. Migal’ A. S. Osmanskaya imperiya glazami anglijskih puteshestvennikov XVIII veka [The Ottoman Empire through the eyes of English travelers of the 18th century]. Istoriya i istoricheskaya pamyat’: mezhvuz. sb. nauch. tr. 18. Nekrasova M. Yu., Barskaya O. V. Reprezentaciya obraza protivnika v britanskom gazetnom diskurse Krymskoj vojny [Representation of the image of the enemy in the British newspaper discourse of the Crimean War]. Mir Nekrasova M. Yu., Barskaya O. V. Reprezentaciya obraza protivnika v britanskom gazetnom diskurse Krymskoj vojny [Representation of the image of the enemy in the British newspaper discourse of the Crimean War]. Mir Orekhov V. V. «Russkij mif» i «kompleks markiza de Kyustina». Chast’ II: «Severnyj koloss» v kontekste informacionnoj vojny [“The Russian Myth” and the “Marquis de Custine Complex”. Part II: “The Northern Colossus” in the Orekhov V. V. «Russkij mif» i «kompleks markiza de Kyustina». Chast’ II: «Severnyj koloss» v kontekste informacionnoj vojny [“The Russian Myth” and the “Marquis de Custine Complex”. Part II: “The Northern Colossus” in the Orekhova L. A., Orekhov V. V., Pervyh D. K., Orekhov D. V. Krymskaya Iliada. Krymskaya (Vostochnaya) vojna 1853–1856 godov glazami sovremennikov: literatura, arhivy, pressa [Crimean Iliad. Crimean (Eastern) War of Orekhova L. A., Orekhov V. V., Pervyh D. K., Orekhov D. V. Krymskaya Iliada. Krymskaya (Vostochnaya) vojna 1853–1856 godov glazami sovremennikov: literatura, arhivy, pressa [Crimean Iliad. Crimean (Eastern) War of Orlov A. A. «Astrein vek». Velikobritaniya, Rossiya i problema novogo mirovogo poryadka v evropejskoj politike pervoj poloviny XIX veka (1815–1854 gg.): monografiya [«The Age of Astreya.» Great Britain, Russia and the Orlov A. A. «Astrein vek». Velikobritaniya, Rossiya i problema novogo mirovogo poryadka v evropejskoj politike pervoj poloviny XIX veka (1815–1854 gg.): monografiya [«The Age of Astreya.» Great Britain, Russia and the Orlov A. A. Britanskaya prorossijskaya publicistika epohi Krymskoj vojny (na primere broshyury «Krest protiv Luny», 1854) [British pro-Russian journalism of the Crimean War era (based on the brochure “The Cross Against the Orlov A. A. Britanskaya prorossijskaya publicistika epohi Krymskoj vojny (na primere broshyury «Krest protiv Luny», 1854) [British pro-Russian journalism of the Crimean War era (based on the brochure “The Cross Against the Perepiska Ekateriny Velikoj s gospodinom Volterom. V: 2-h kn. [Correspondence of Catherine the Great with Mr. Walter. In: 2 books]. Moscow, 1803, vol. 1–2. Perepiska Ekateriny Velikoj s gospodinom Volterom. V: 2-h kn. [Correspondence of Catherine the Great with Mr. Walter. In: 2 books]. Moscow, 1803, vol. 1–2. Prutckov G. V. Istoriya zarubezhnoj zhurnalistiki. 1800–1929 [History of Foreign Journalism: 1800–1929]. Moscow, Aspekt Press Publ., 2010. 416 p. Prutckov G. V. Istoriya zarubezhnoj zhurnalistiki. 1800–1929 [History of Foreign Journalism: 1800–1929]. Moscow, Aspekt Press Publ., 2010. 416 p. Prutckov G. V. Francuzskaya i britanskaya pressa o Krymskoj vojne (1854–1856 gg.): u istokov informacionnyh vojn [French and British press on the Crimean War (1854–1856): at the origins of information wars]. I Prutckov G. V. Francuzskaya i britanskaya pressa o Krymskoj vojne (1854–1856 gg.): u istokov informacionnyh vojn [French and British press on the Crimean War (1854–1856): at the origins of information wars]. I Rychkov S. Yu. «Pobudit’ vse evropejskie dvory k tomu, chtoby oni… vynesli Rossii mezhdunarodnyj prigovor»: anglijskaya provokaciya na myse Hanko v period Krymskoj vojny [“To induce all European courts to… pass an Rychkov S. Yu. «Pobudit’ vse evropejskie dvory k tomu, chtoby oni… vynesli Rossii mezhdunarodnyj prigovor»: anglijskaya provokaciya na myse Hanko v period Krymskoj vojny [“To induce all European courts to… pass an Sergeev V. V. Politika Velikobritanii nakanune i vo vremya Krymskoj vojny v istoricheskoj publicistike P. A. Chihacheva [British policy on the eve and during the Crimean War in the historical journalism of P. A. Chikhachev]. Sergeev V. V. Politika Velikobritanii nakanune i vo vremya Krymskoj vojny v istoricheskoj publicistike P. A. Chihacheva [British policy on the eve and during the Crimean War in the historical journalism of P. A. Chikhachev]. Sidorova O. G. Izobrazhenie Krymskoj vojny v anglijskoj literature [Portrayal of the Crimean War in English Literature]. Izvestiya Ural’skogo federal’nogo universiteta. Ser. 2, Gumanitarnye nauki, 2014, no. 3 (130), p. 106–113. Sidorova O. G. Izobrazhenie Krymskoj vojny v anglijskoj literature [Portrayal of the Crimean War in English Literature]. Izvestiya Ural’skogo federal’nogo universiteta. Ser. 2, Gumanitarnye nauki, 2014, no. 3 (130), p. 106–113. Tan’shina N. P. Na ideologicheskom fronte Krymskoj vojny: obraz Rossii vo francuzskoj literature i publicistike [On the ideological front of the Crimean War: the image of Russia in French literature and journalism]. Francuzskij Tan’shina N. P. Na ideologicheskom fronte Krymskoj vojny: obraz Rossii vo francuzskoj literature i publicistike [On the ideological front of the Crimean War: the image of Russia in French literature and journalism]. Francuzskij Tan’shina N. P. Rusofobiya: Istoriya izobreteniya straha [Russophobia: The history of the invention of fear]. Moscow, Konceptual , 2023. 496 p. Tan’shina N. P. Rusofobiya: Istoriya izobreteniya straha [Russophobia: The history of the invention of fear]. Moscow, Konceptual , 2023. 496 p. Tarle E. V. Samoderzhavie Nikolaya I i francuzskoe obshchestvennoe mnenie [The autocracy of Nicholas I and French public opinion]. Byloe. Peterburg, 1906, n 9. p. 12–42; 10, p. 125–159. Tarle E. V. Samoderzhavie Nikolaya I i francuzskoe obshchestvennoe mnenie [The autocracy of Nicholas I and French public opinion]. Byloe. Peterburg, 1906, n 9. p. 12–42; 10, p. 125–159. Tarle E. V. soch.: V 12-ti t. T. 8 [Collected works: In 12 volumes. Vol. 8]. Moscow, AN SSSR Publ., 1959. 560 p. Tarle E. V. soch.: V 12-ti t. T. 8 [Collected works: In 12 volumes. Vol. 8]. Moscow, AN SSSR Publ., 1959. 560 p. Frank S. Vidimaya i nevidimaya vojna v Krymu (Nachalo medijnoj epohi i «Sevastopol’skie rasskazy» L’va Tolstogo) [Visible and Invisible War in Crimea (The Beginning of the Media Age and Leo Tolstoy’s “Sevastopol Frank S. Vidimaya i nevidimaya vojna v Krymu (Nachalo medijnoj epohi i «Sevastopol’skie rasskazy» L’va Tolstogo) [Visible and Invisible War in Crimea (The Beginning of the Media Age and Leo Tolstoy’s “Sevastopol Francev V. A. Pushkin i pol’skoe vosstanie 1830–1831 g. Opyt istoricheskogo kommentariya k stihotvoreniyam «Klevetnikam Rossii» i «Borodinskaya godovshchina» [Pushkin and the Polish Uprising of 1830–1831: An Attempt Francev V. A. Pushkin i pol’skoe vosstanie 1830–1831 g. Opyt istoricheskogo kommentariya k stihotvoreniyam «Klevetnikam Rossii» i «Borodinskaya godovshchina» [Pushkin and the Polish Uprising of 1830–1831: An Attempt Hrapunov N. I. Bahchisaraj Edvarda-Dan’ela Klarka: Vostok, Rossiya i Krym [Bakhchisaray Edward-Daniel Clark: East, Russia and Crimea]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 2014, no. 4, p. 141–153. Hrapunov N. I. Bahchisaraj Edvarda-Dan’ela Klarka: Vostok, Rossiya i Krym [Bakhchisaray Edward-Daniel Clark: East, Russia and Crimea]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 2014, no. 4, p. 141–153. Hrapunov N. I. Rossiya v Krymu – civilizator ili ugnetatel’? Obrazy imperskoj vlasti v polemike travelogov konca XVIII – pervoj poloviny XIX v. [Russia in Crimea – Civilizer or Oppressor? Images of Imperial Power in the Hrapunov N. I. Rossiya v Krymu – civilizator ili ugnetatel’? Obrazy imperskoj vlasti v polemike travelogov konca XVIII – pervoj poloviny XIX v. [Russia in Crimea – Civilizer or Oppressor? Images of Imperial Power in the Hrapunov N. I. Formirovanie obraza Kryma v anglijskoj literature puteshestvij konca XVIII – nachala XIX v.: Dis. … dokt. ist. nauk [Formation of the image of Crimea in English travel literature of the late 18th – early 19th Hrapunov N. I. Formirovanie obraza Kryma v anglijskoj literature puteshestvij konca XVIII – nachala XIX v.: Dis. … dokt. ist. nauk [Formation of the image of Crimea in English travel literature of the late 18th – early 19th Alleged Capture of Sebastopol // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 7 October, no. 706, p. 334. Alleged Capture of Sebastopol // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 7 October, no. 706, p. 334. Caraguel C. Beau trait de l’empereur Nicolas // Le Charivari, 1854, 30 Novembre Caraguel C. Beau trait de l’empereur Nicolas // Le Charivari, 1854, 30 Novembre Caraguel C. Les bulletins du Caucase // Le Charivari, 1853, 22 Octobre Caraguel C. Les bulletins du Caucase // Le Charivari, 1853, 22 Octobre Caraguel C. Les cornettes reparaissent // Le Charivari, 1854, 24 December, p. 1. Caraguel C. Les cornettes reparaissent // Le Charivari, 1854, 24 December, p. 1. Chargeons les Russes. Album de quarante caricatures. Paris, Charivari, [1854]. 40 Chargeons les Russes. Album de quarante caricatures. Paris, Charivari, [1854]. 40 Delord T. Considération sur la mort de Nicolas 1er. Datées de la place de la bourse // Le Charivari, 1855, 5 Mars, p. 1. Delord T. Considération sur la mort de Nicolas 1er. Datées de la place de la bourse // Le Charivari, 1855, 5 Mars, p. 1. Delord T. Les portraits de nouveau tzar // Le Charivari, 1855, 11 Mars, p. 1 Delord T. Les portraits de nouveau tzar // Le Charivari, 1855, 11 Mars, p. 1 Durand-Brager H. Combat d’Eupatoria et de la tour Malakoff // L’Illustration, 1855, 17 Mars, no. 629, p. 163–164. Durand-Brager H. Combat d’Eupatoria et de la tour Malakoff // L’Illustration, 1855, 17 Mars, no. 629, p. 163–164. Enthusiasm in Effigy // Punch, 1854, 11 February, no. 655, p. 49. Enthusiasm in Effigy // Punch, 1854, 11 February, no. 655, p. 49. Féré. Le maréchal Le Roy de Saint-Arnaud, général en chef de l’armée d’Orient // L’Illustration, 1854, 18 Mars, no. 577, p. 168–169. Féré. Le maréchal Le Roy de Saint-Arnaud, général en chef de l’armée d’Orient // L’Illustration, 1854, 18 Mars, no. 577, p. 168–169. Féré. Lord Raglan, commandant en chef de l’armée anglaise en Orient // L’Illustration, 1854, 18 Mars, no. 577, p. 169. Féré. Lord Raglan, commandant en chef de l’armée anglaise en Orient // L’Illustration, 1854, 18 Mars, no. 577, p. 169. Historical Summary of the Russian War: from its Commencement to the Present Time // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 11 September, no. 705, p 317–330. Historical Summary of the Russian War: from its Commencement to the Present Time // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 11 September, no. 705, p 317–330. Killed and Wounded in the Battle of Alma // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 7 October, no. 706, p. 334. Killed and Wounded in the Battle of Alma // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 7 October, no. 706, p. 334. Les Cosaques pour rire. Paris, Charivari, 1854. 37 p. Les Cosaques pour rire. Paris, Charivari, 1854. 37 p. L’Illustration est en mesure… // L’Illustration, 1854, 11 Mars, no. 576, p. 147. L’Illustration est en mesure… // L’Illustration, 1854, 11 Mars, no. 576, p. 147. London, Saturday, June 23, 1855 // The Illustrated London News, 1855, 23 June, no. 749, p. 638. London, Saturday, June 23, 1855 // The Illustrated London News, 1855, 23 June, no. 749, p. 638. Marchal de Lunéville Ch. L’empereur Alexandre II et l’impératrice de Russie // L’Illustration, 1855, 17 Mars, no. 629, p. 161–162. Marchal de Lunéville Ch. L’empereur Alexandre II et l’impératrice de Russie // L’Illustration, 1855, 17 Mars, no. 629, p. 161–162. Melot M. La Guerre de Crimee et les heures sombres de Daumier (1856–1859) //2021, no. 2, p. 31–37. Melot M. La Guerre de Crimee et les heures sombres de Daumier (1856–1859) //2021, no. 2, p. 31–37. Muscovite Holiness // Punch, 1855, 28 July, p. 39. Muscovite Holiness // Punch, 1855, 28 July, p. 39. Histoire de la semaine // L’Illustration, 1854, 11 Mars, no. 576, p. 146–147. Histoire de la semaine // L’Illustration, 1854, 11 Mars, no. 576, p. 146–147. Histoire de la semaine // L’Illustration, 1854, 25 Novembre, no. 613, p. 353. Histoire de la semaine // L’Illustration, 1854, 25 Novembre, no. 613, p. 353. Pity for the foe // Punch, 1855, 25 August, p. 80. Pity for the foe // Punch, 1855, 25 August, p. 80. A Proposal to the Peace Society // Punch, 1855, 9 June, no. 726, p. 219. A Proposal to the Peace Society // Punch, 1855, 9 June, no. 726, p. 219. Rosier L. Fantaisie par Marc // L’Illustration, 1855, 6 Janvier, no. 619, p. 2. Rosier L. Fantaisie par Marc // L’Illustration, 1855, 6 Janvier, no. 619, p. 2. Russian View of Alma // Punch, 1854, 14 October, no. 692, p/ 143. Russian View of Alma // Punch, 1854, 14 October, no. 692, p/ 143. Sinope Remembered // Punch, 1854, 4 November, no. 695, p. 178. Sinope Remembered // Punch, 1854, 4 November, no. 695, p. 178. The Bane and the Antidote // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 16 December, no. 717, p. 626. The Bane and the Antidote // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 16 December, no. 717, p. 626. The Cross and the Sword // Punch, 1855, 27 January, no. 707, p. 33. The Cross and the Sword // Punch, 1855, 27 January, no. 707, p. 33. The Czar’s Water Colour // Punch, 1854, 11 February, no. 655, p. 48. The Czar’s Water Colour // Punch, 1854, 11 February, no. 655, p. 48. The Laureate’s View of War // Punch, 1855, 18 August, p. 69. The Laureate’s View of War // Punch, 1855, 18 August, p. 69. The Illustrated London News // Available from: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News (accessed 23.10.2025). The Illustrated London News // Available from: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News (accessed 23.10.2025). The Russian Eagle // Punch, 1855, 6 January, no. 704, /. 3. The Russian Eagle // Punch, 1855, 6 January, no. 704, /. 3. The Victory in the Crimea // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 7 October, no. 706, p, 333–334. The Victory in the Crimea // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 7 October, no. 706, p, 333–334. The War against the Barbarians // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 11 February, no. 668, p. 117–118. The War against the Barbarians // The Illustrated London News, 1854, 11 February, no. 668, p. 117–118. The Women’s Friend Society // Punch, 1855, 6 October, p. 135. The Women’s Friend Society // Punch, 1855, 6 October, p. 135.