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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SCIENTIFIC NOTES OF V. I. VERNADSKY CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY. HISTORICAL SCIENCE</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC NOTES OF V. I. VERNADSKY CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY. HISTORICAL SCIENCE</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>УЧЕНЫЕ ЗАПИСКИ КРЫМСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ИМЕНИ В. И. ВЕРНАДСКОГО. ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2413-1741</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">109924</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29039/2413-1741-2025-11-4-63-72</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОБЩАЯ РУБРИКА</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>GENERAL HEADING</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОБЩАЯ РУБРИКА</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">SYRIA’S POSITION ON THE MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1990S</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ПОЗИЦИЯ СИРИИ ПО РЕШЕНИЮ БЛИЖНЕВОСТОЧНОГО КОНФЛИКТА В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 90-Х ГОДОВ ХХ ВЕКА</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ковальчук</surname>
       <given-names>А. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Koval'chuk</surname>
       <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Независимый исследователь</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Независимый исследователь</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12T13:59:50+03:00">
    <day>12</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12T13:59:50+03:00">
    <day>12</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>11</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>63</fpage>
   <lpage>72</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>12</day>
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://sn-histor.cfuv.ru/&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x437;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x441;&#x438;&#x440;&#x438;&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x43E;-&#x440;&#x435;&#x448;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44E;-&#x431;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x436;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;/">https://sn-histor.cfuv.ru/позиция-сирии-по-решению-ближневосто/</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Анализируется стратегическая позиция Сирии в ближневосточном переговорном процессе первой &#13;
половины 1990-х годов, в частности в контексте сирийско-израильских отношений. Рассмотрены &#13;
изменения в региональной политике после распада СССР, который лишил Сирию ключевого союзника, &#13;
и переход к однополярному миру с доминированием США. Основное внимание уделено требованиям &#13;
Сирии по полному выводу израильских войск с оккупированных Голанских высот в обмен на &#13;
нормализацию отношений («земля в обмен на мир»), а также роли США как главного посредника в &#13;
переговорах. Подчеркивается принципиальная позиция президента Хафеза Асада, настаивавшего на &#13;
выполнении резолюций ООН и синхронном продвижении мирного процесса. Анализируются попытки &#13;
координации с умеренными арабскими странами, противоречия с Израилем по срокам вывода войск, &#13;
демаркации границ и вопросам безопасности. Несмотря на активные дипломатические усилия, включая &#13;
встречи на высшем уровне и давление со стороны США, соглашение достигнуто не было из-за &#13;
несовместимости позиций сторон и внутреннего сопротивления в Израиле.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>the article analyzes Syria’s strategic position in the Middle Eastern negotiation process during the first half of the 1990s, particularly within the context of Syrian-Israeli relations. The author examines shifts in regional politics following the collapse of the USSR, which deprived Syria of a key ally, and the transition to a unipolar world dominated by the United States. The focus is on Syria’s demand for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied Golan Heights in exchange for normalized relations («land for peace»), as well as the role of the U.S. as the primary mediator in negotiations. The principled stance of President Hafez al-Assad is emphasized, particularly his insistence on compliance with UN resolutions and synchronized progress in the peace process. The article explorers attempts to coordinate with moderate Arab states, disagreements with Israel over timelines for troop withdrawal, border demarcation, and security concerns. Despite active diplomatic efforts, including high-level meetings and U.S. pressure, no agreement was reached due to incompatible positions and domestic oppositions in Israel.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Сирия</kwd>
    <kwd>Израиль</kwd>
    <kwd>резолюции ООН</kwd>
    <kwd>международные отношения</kwd>
    <kwd>ближневосточный  конфликт</kwd>
    <kwd>Голанские высоты</kwd>
    <kwd>мирные переговоры</kwd>
    <kwd>Хафез Асад</kwd>
    <kwd>Ицхак Рабин</kwd>
    <kwd>Шимон Перес.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Syria</kwd>
    <kwd>Israel</kwd>
    <kwd>UN resolutions</kwd>
    <kwd>international relations</kwd>
    <kwd>Middle East conflict</kwd>
    <kwd>Golan Heights</kwd>
    <kwd>peace negotiations</kwd>
    <kwd>Hafez Assad</kwd>
    <kwd>Yitzhak Rabin</kwd>
    <kwd>Shimon Peres.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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