Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria Материалы по археологии, истории и этнографии Таврии 2413-189X 55821 10.29039/2413-189X.2022.27.263-309 АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ARCHAEOLOGY АРХЕОЛОГИЯ Glass Lamps from Medieval Layers of Chersonese Стеклянные лампады из раскопок средневековых слоев Херсонеса Голофаст Л. А. Golofast Larisa A. Институт археологии Российской академии наук Россия Институт археологии Российской академии наук Russian Federation 21 02 2023 21 02 2023 263 309 16 12 2022 https://maiet.cfuv.ru/steklyannye-lampady-iz-raskopok-srednevekovyx-sloev-xersonesa/

В статье рассматриваются разные типы лампад, выявленные в слоях средневекового времени в Херсонесе. Все типы были широко распространены на территории Средиземноморско-Причерноморского региона, и практически все, появившись в ранневизантийское время, бытовали на протяжении всего средневековья, а некоторые производятся до сих пор. Однако, их бытование в Херсонесе имеет свою специфику: некоторые типы появляются несколько позже, чем на других территориях империи, другие отсутствуют вовсе, как, например, лампады со сплошной ножкой с перехватами или лампады со стеклянной трубкой для фитиля, а соотношение разных типов с течением времени меняется. Первыми в Херсонесе, как и в других центрах византийского мира, в качестве осветительных приборов начали использовать конические кубки с округлым или заостренным дном, которые доминируют на протяжении IV–V вв. В VI в. появляются конические лампады с бутонообразной ножкой, которые в Херсонесе бытуют до конца жизни города, хотя в других центрах византийского мира они зафиксированы исключительно в комплексах ранневизантийского времени. В конце V в. появляются лампады с узкой полой ножкой, которые доминируют на протяжении всего ранневизантийского периода. Позднее их использование резко сокращается, и им на смену приходят лампады с небольшой полой каплевидной ножкой, которые в Херсонесе встречаются в комплексах до XIII в. включительно. Короткие округлые ножки, которые могли принадлежать лампадам, бытовавшим с ранневизантийского времени, в Херсонесе выявлены в комплексах XIII в., за исключением одной, найденной в комплексе XI–XII вв. Лампады со свисающей сплошной цилиндрической ножкой, оттянутой от тулова сосуда, в других регионах Средиземноморья бытуют с ранневизантийского времени. Однако в Херсонесе они встречаются только в комплексах XI–XII вв., а сплошные длинные ножки, сформованные отдельно от тулова сосуда, выявлены не только в комплексах XI–XII вв., но и более позднего времени. Лампады с длинной свисающей ножкой со сферическим завершением представлены в Херсонесе лишь двумя экземплярами, происходящими из комплексов второй половины VI и XIII вв., что, в общем, соответствует времени бытования этого типа лампад в других центрах. Многочисленным и разнообразным лампадам с ручками будет посвящена отдельная публикация.

This article analyses different types of lamps uncovered from medieval layers in Chersonese. All the types were widespread in the Mediterranean – Black Sea area; almost all of them appeared in the Early Byzantine Period and existed throughout the Middle Ages, and some are still produced. Yet their use in Chersonese had its own specifics: some types appeared somewhat later than in other territories of the Empire; others, for example, the lamps with a solid stem with intercepts or lamps with a glass tube for wick, were absent, and the proportion of different types changed over time. The first glass vessels used in Chersonese as lighting devices similarly to other centres of the Byzantine world were conical goblets with a rounded or pointed bottom, which predominated in the fourth and fifth centuries. In the sixth century, conical lamps with a drop-shaped stem appeared and existed in Chersonese up to the end of the city, although in other centers of the Byzantine world they have been fixed exclusively in the early Byzantine complexes. Lamps with a narrow hollow stem, which appeared in the late fifth century, predominated through the Early Byzantine Period. Later on, they were replaced by lamps with a small hollow drop-shaped stem, revealed in Chersonese in the assemblages dated up to the late thirteenth century. Vessels with a short spherical stem used in other byzantine centers from the early Byzantine period, in Chersonese occur in deposits of the 13th century, with the exception of one specimen found in the complex of the eleventh – twelfth centuries. The same can be said about the lamps with a cylindrical stem drawn from the body of the vessel: in other Mediterranean regions, they were in use from the Early Byzantine Period, while in Chersonese they occurred exclusively in the eleventh – twelfth centuries assemblages. Solid long stems, fashioned separately from the body of the vessel, were found not only in the eleventh – twelfth centuries assemblages, but also in those from a later period. There are only two finds of the lamps featuring a long stem with a spherical ending in Chersonese, originating from the assemblages dated from the second half of the sixth and the thirteenth centuries, which, in general, corresponds to the period of existence of this type of lamps in other centers. Numerous and various handled lamps will be the subject of a separate publication.

 Херсонес стеклянные лампады комплексы VI–XIII вв. Chersonese glass lamps six- to thirteenth-century deposits

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