Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria Материалы по археологии, истории и этнографии Таврии 2413-189X 72813 10.29039/2413-189X.2023.28.218-230 АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ARCHAEOLOGY АРХЕОЛОГИЯ Defensive Walls of Bosporos in the Age of Justinian Городские стены Боспора в юстиниановское время Зинько Алексей Викторович Zin’ko Alexei V. Зинько В. Н. Zin’ko Viktor N. Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского Россия Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского Russian Federation Крымский Федеральный Университет им. В.И. Вернадского RU V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University RU 26 12 2023 26 12 2023 218 230 25 12 2023 https://maiet.cfuv.ru/gorodskie-steny-bospora-v-yustinianovskoe-vremya/

Сообщение Прокопия Кесарийского о том, что император Юстиниан I, застав крепостные стены столицы Боспорского царства разрушенными, укрепил их, имеет принципиальную важность для понимания вопроса границ города в ранневизантийское время. Проблема пространственной организации города в VI в. длительное время дискутируется исследователями. Некоторые из них полагали, что ранневизантийский Боспор сократился до небольших масштабов в районе древнего порта, и именно здесь Юстиниан возвел крепостные стены, по контуру которых позднее строится генуэзско-турецкая крепость. Другие исследователи считают, что стены Боспора при византийском императоре были только отремонтированы. В немалой степени решению этого вопроса препятствует ограниченный объем письменных источников. При отсутствии такого рода свидетельств главенствующая роль должна отводиться археологическим источникам. Однако в случае с Керчью ведение масштабных и планомерных археологических раскопок оказалось ограничено постоянством территории ее городской застройки. Анализ отдаленных друг от друга участков города Боспора, на которых проводились небольшие археологические исследования, дает довольно фрагментарное представление о специфике и динамике его застройки. В то же время, можно утверждать, что в VI в. город Боспор занимал значительную часть территории античного Пантикапея, а в нижнем городе он простирался не менее чем на 500 м к северу от подошвы горы Митридат. При императоре Юстиниане I старые крепостные стены в нижней (равнинной) части города на отдельных участках ремонтируются. Об этом свидетельствуют археологические данные, в том числе и последних лет. Объективных свидетельств о том, в каком состоянии были городские стены верхнего города, где еще в VI в. сохранялись отдельные очаги жилой застройки, у нас нет. В VII в. территория города сокращается до площади равнинной части (около 25–30 га), защищенной крепостными стенами, а верхний город используется как некрополь.

Procopius of Caesarea’s account that Emperor Justinian I, having found the fortress walls of the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom destroyed, strengthened them, is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the limits of this city in the Early Byzantine Period. For ages, the researchers have been discussing the spatial organization of the city in question in the sixth century. Some of them have inferred that Early Byzantine Bosporos was reduced to a small town in the area of the ancient port, where Justinian had erected the fortress walls, along the contour of which the Genoese-Turkish castle was built later. Other researchers have supposed that the walls of Bosporos were simply repaired under this Byzantine emperor. To a large extent, the solution to this question is hampered by the limited volume of written sources. When the evidence of the kind is absent, archaeological sources should play the main role. However, in the case of Kerch, the large-scale systematic archaeological excavations are restricted due to the continuity of the area covered by urban buildings. The analysis of the areas of the Bosporan city in question which lay far from each other and were uncovered by small-size archaeological researches allows a rather fragmentary notion of the specifics and dynamics of the urban development. However, one has enough reasons to state that the six-century city of Bosporos occupied a significant part of the territory of ancient Pantikapaion, with the lower town extended at least 500 m northwards of the foot of Mithridates Hill. Under Emperor Justinian I, the old fortress walls in the lower (flat) part of the city were repaired in certain areas, as it comes from archaeological data, particularly uncovered in recent years. There is no objective evidence of the condition of the walls of the upper town, where a few nests of residential buildings continued in the sixth century. In the seventh century, the entire city area reduced to the flat territory (ca 25–30 hectares), protected by fortress walls, and the upper town became a cemetery.

 Боспор Киммерийский город Боспор император Юстиниан I крепостные стены Cimmerian Bosporos city of Bosporos Emperor Justinian I fortress walls

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