Karadagskaya nauchnaya stanciya imeni T. I. Vyazemskogo – prirodnyy zapovednik RAN
Institut biologii yuzhnyh morey imeni A. O. Kovalevskogo RAN
In this paper, we review the sources related to the 1977 USSR soil classification, as amended in 1997, and the new 2004 Russian soil classification, as amended in 2008. The new and old classifications are compared with each other, the advantages and disadvantages of each of them are determined. The classification of soils of the USSR is ecological and genetic, its important feature is its special attention to the influence of the water regime in the processes of soil formation and functioning of soils. Classification of soils of the USSR 1977 It is still popular among specialists in the field of soil science due to its convenience in application, in a large number of works on its application to the soils of individual regions. The 2004 classification of Russian soils is a substantial genetic one, which is the closest to the international classification of soils. An important difference between these two classification systems is that the USSR soil classification was compiled for agricultural soils (this explains the absence of permafrost soils in it), while the 2004 classification was also compiled for research purposes. The main criticism of the 1997 classification comes from the fact that its authors, in the opinion of many modern experts, attach unjustifiably great importance to hydrothermal factors in the formation of soil properties, which is not observed in the 2004 classification. The criticism of the new soil classification consists in its departure from the genetic aspect, that is, in comparison with the old classification, the theoretical basis of which is more based on the origin of the described soil and the processes of soil formation, the new one suggests the rejection of consideration of ecological parameters in determining the type of soil. The problem of using the new classification of Russian soils in the identification of Crimean soils, especially agrogenic soils, is posed. Since the new classification uses the theory of soil genesis as its main theoretical basis, it is therefore essentially genetic and does not pay due attention to environmental factors affecting soils. It is determined that this principle is not quite suitable for classifying natural soils, but not for agrogenic ones. The Crimean Peninsula is a territory located at the junction of climatic zones, which determines the specificity of climatic conditions. It is noted that the agro-modified soils have different degrees of transformation, which is not reflected in the 2004 classification. It was determined that the 2004 classification does not include sod-carbonate soils as a taxon, despite the fact that these soils are zonal for Crimea, while in the rest of the Russian Federation this type of soil is intrazonal. Meadow-chernozem and chernozem-meadow soils are not represented by separate taxa, but are defined in the 2004 classification of soils of Russia as a hydrometamorphosed subtype of chernozems. It is concluded that the information on the agro-modified soils of the Crimean Peninsula is currently extremely fragmented, incomplete and fragmentary, which does not allow us to determine with sufficient accuracy, theoretically, the degree of compliance of the properties of the agro-modified soils of the peninsula with the definitions proposed in the new classification of soils of Russia in 2004. It is concluded that the new 2004 soil classification for the Crimean Peninsula needs to be amended.
soil diversity, classification of soils, agrogenic soils, Crimean peninsula.
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