the article considers a unique complex of eight ceramic lamps of the Roman period for the Bosporan Kingdom, discovered in situ in the underground crypt of the Phanagoria necropolis. The open archaeological situation in which the lamps were discovered is of particular interest for studying the lighting system of the Bosporan crypts. There are two separate chronological horizons of use for tomb 296/2019. The construction and early horizon of the crypt’s use fit into the period of the second half of the I – beginning/first half of the II century A.D. The late horizon of the tomb’s history is associated with the late Roman period in the range of the second half of the II – beginning of the III century A.D. The chronology of the lamp complex fits seamlessly into the history of the tomb. Oil lamps of local production were used mainly in the funeral ceremony. Of the eight lamps, seven are made in the Black Sea region and only one lamp is of Asian origin. Six lamps were created on the territory of the Asian Bosporus, two of them are connected with the workshops of the Phanagoria. The oil lamps were compactly located in the southern corner of the chamber. When burials were performed, they were sequentially placed side by side on the horizontal surface of a wooden table or casket. The recorded tradition, in which participants of the funeral ceremony entered the tomb and left burning lamps in the same place to the left of the entrance to the chamber, remained relevant throughout the history of the crypt from the second half of the 1st to the first half of the 3rd century AD. The analysis of the images of fire sources in the paintings of the Bosporan crypts confirms the non-accidental nature of the localization of the pedestal for the lamps on the left hand of the entrance to the tomb. It is in this location that the painting of the Panticapaeum tomb in 1841 depicts burning lamps. The presented archaeological evidence, supported by pictorial sources, reflects the funerary traditions of the population of the Bosporan state in the Roman era. Probably, during funeral ceremonies in the crypts, it was customary to install burning lamps (or part of them) to the left of the entrance to the funerary space of the tomb.
Bosporus, Phanagoria, necropolis, ground crypt, ceramic lamps, Roman period, burial rite, crypt lighting
1. Abramzon M. G., Voroshilov A. N., Voroshilova O. M. Monety iz nekropolya Fanagorii (raskopki 1975–2021 gg.) // Stratum plus. – 2022. – № 6 – S. 119–135.
2. Ambroz F. N. Fibuly yuga evropeyskoy chasti SSSR: II v. do n.e. – IV v. n.e. // SAI. – 1966. Vyp. D 1–30. – 111 s., 28 tabl.
3. Aristofan. Komedii. Fragmenty / Per. A. Piotrovskogo. – M.: Ladomir; Nauka, 2000. – 1033 s.
4. Arsen'eva T. M. Svetil'niki Tanaisa / T. M. Arsen'eva. – M.: Nauka. 1988. – 140 s.
5. Val'dgauer O. F. Antichnye glinyanye svetil'niki / O. F. Val'dgauer // Imp. Ermitazh. – SPb.: T-vo R. Golike i A. Vil'borg, 1914. – 68 s.
6. Voroshilov A. N., Voroshilova O. M. Nekropol' Fanagorii: nekotorye itogi / Pod red. V. D. Kuznecova, A. A. Zavoykina. – Materialy po arheologii i istorii Fanagorii. – M., 2025. – T. 9. S. 34–73.
7. Voroshilova O. M. Rel'efnye ukrasheniya derevyannyh sarkofagov Fanagorii // RA. – 2012. № 2. – S. 81–89.
8. Zhuravlev D. V. Krasnolakovaya keramika Yugo-Zapadnogo Kryma I – III vv. n.e. (po materialam pozdneskifskih nekropoley Bel'bekskoy doliny) // MAIET. Supplementum. – Simferopol', 2010. – Vyp. 9. – 320 s.
9. Zhuravlev D. V. Svetil'niki vtoroy poloviny III v. do n. e. – IV v. n. e.: Importnye ellinisticheskie svetil'niki / D. V. Zhuravlev, N. V. Bykovskaya, A. L. Zheltikova // Bospor: Svetil'niki ellinisticheskogo i
10. Zhuravlev D. V., Turova N. P. Antichnye glinyanye svetil'niki Yaltinskogo istorikoliteraturnogo muzeya // Bosporskie issledovaniya.– Simferopol', 2012. – № 26. S. 335–400.
11. Zhuravlev D. V., Bykovskaya N. V. Importnye svetil'niki s volyutami iz sobraniya VostochnoKrymskogo istoriko-kul'turnogo muzeya-zapovednika // Professor Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Molev i sovremennye
12. Zhuravlev D. V., Hrshanovski L., Chebyshev G. S. Svetil'niki s territorii Aziatskogo Bospora v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya / D. V. Zhuravlev // Hypanis: trudy otdela klassicheskoy
13. Zabelina V. S. Antichnye glinyanye svetil'niki iz Pantikapeya // Soobscheniya GMII im. A. S. Pushkina. – M., 1992. – Vyp. 10. – S. 298–328.
14. Korovina A. K. Tiramba (gorodische i nekropol'). Itog arh. rabot ekspedicii GMII za 1959, 1961–1963 i 1965 god // SGMII.– M., 1968.– Vyp. 4.– S. 54–84.
15. Korshun K. S. Svetil'niki v pogrebal'nom obryade pozdneskifskogo naseleniya SeveroZapadnogo Kryma // KSIA.– M, 2024. – Vyp. 276.– S. 65–82.
16. Kropotov V. V. Fibuly sarmatskoy epohi. –, Kiev: Adef-Ukraina, 2010. – 384 s.
17. Kunina N. Z., Sorokina N. P. Steklyannye bal'zamarii Bospora // Trudy Gos. Ermitazha. – 1972. – Vyp. XIII. – S. 146 – 177.
18. Malashev V. Yu. Periodizaciya remennyh garnitur pozdnesarmatskogo vremeni // Sarmaty i ih sosedi na Donu. – 2000. – Vyp. 1. – S. 194 – 232.
19. Medvedev A. P. Novye otkrytiya v Vostochnom nekropole Fanagorii (2005–2007 gg.) // Antichnyy mir i arheologiya. – Saratov, 2010. – Vyp. 14. – S. 350–363.
20. Parovich-Peshikan M. Nekropol' Ol'vii ellinisticheskogo vremeni / M. Parovich-Peshikan. – Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1974. – 220 s.
21. Plutarh. Sravnitel'nye zhizneopisaniya: V 2-h t. T. 1 / Podg. S. S. Averincev, M. L. Gasparov, S. P. Markish; Otv. red. S. S. Averincev. – 2-e izd.: ispr. i dop. – M.: Nauka, 1994. – 702 s.
22. Rostovcev M. I. Antichnaya dekorativnaya zhivopis' na yuge Rossii. Atlas // Izdanie Imperatorskoy Arheologicheskoy komissii – SPb., 1913. – T. I. – 112 s.
23. Son I. A., Sorochan S. B. Antichnye svetil'niki iz Tiry // Antichnye drevnosti Severnogo Prichernomor'ya: sb. nauchn. trudov. – Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1988. – S. 115–133.
24. Sorokina N. P. Raskopki nekropolya Kep v 1961 g. // KSIA.– M., 1963. – Vyp. 95. – S. 60–65.
25. Sudarev N. I. Gruntovye nekropoli bosporskih gorodov VI–II vv. do n.e. kak istoricheskiy istochnik: dissertaciya ... kand. ist. nauk: 07.00.06. – M., 2005. – 384 s.
26. Cokur I. V. Nekropol' Volna 1 epohi arhaiki – ellinizma na Tamani: V 2-h t. T. 1: Nekropol' Volna 1 epohi arhaiki – ellinizma na Tamani / I. V. Cokur, N. I. Sudarev, O. V. Sharov / Otv. red. O. V. Sharov. – M.:
27. Shavyrina T. G., Voroshilova O. V., Issledovaniya Zapadnogo nekropolya Fanagorii (po materialam raskopok 1987–2000 g.) // Fanagoriya: Rezul'taty arheologicheskih issledovaniy / Pod red. V. D. Kuznecova. – M.:
28. Bailey D. M. A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum, Vol. II. Roman Lamps Made in Italy // London: British Museum Publications. 1980. – 458 p.
29. Bailey D. M. A Catologue of the Lamps in the British Museum. Vol. III. Roman Provincial Lamps//
30. Bussiere J., Lindros Wohl B. Ancient lamps: In the J. Paul Getty Museum // Los Angeles: Getty Publications. 2017. – 511 p.
31. Chrzanovski L., Zhuravlev D. Lamps from Chersonesos in the State historical museum // Studia archaeologica. Vol. 94. – Moscow. Roma: «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER, 1998. – 296 p.
32. Deneauve J. Lampes de Carthage // Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S., 1969. – 240 p.
33. Howland R. H. Greek Lamps and Their Survivals // The Athenian Agora. – Vol. IV. Princeton, 19Institut arheologii RAN, 2013. – T. 1. – S. 415–481. Shavyrina T. G., Voroshilova O. V., Issledovaniya Zapadn58. – 321 p.
34. Isings C. Roman glass from dating finds // Groningen-Djakarte. 1957. – 185 p.
35. Sanciu A. Lucerne con bolli di fabbrica dal porto di Olbia L'Africa romana: atti del 14. Convegno di studio, 7-10 dicembre 2000, Sassari, Italia. Roma, Carocci editore. – V. 2.– P. 1281–1299.
36. Şöföroğlu M., Summerer L. Light for the Dead. Lamps as Grave Offerings in Light of a New Hellenistic/Roman Tomb in Kormakiti/Koruçam // The Northern face of Cyprus: New Studies in Cypriot Archaeology and Art History. –
