The modern reconstruction of the history of the fortified settlement atop Mangup mountain from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh century, when it was a part of the Byzantine theme in the Crimea, was developed by A. G. Gertsen in 1990. This article discusses the new materials obtained by recent years of archaeological research of the site which allow significant corrections to it. The review of archaeological objects and complexes from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries uncovered in the ancient town shows that Mangup-Doros continued to be a large, well-fortified Byzantine fortress, with the main defensive line running along the outer edge of the Mangup plateau. Very important are the traces of big repairs and reconstructions of the fortification system discovered by excavations and dated from the mid-ninth and late tenth century. They indicate that maintaining the defensive system of the settlement was one of the main tasks assigned to the Byzantine commanders and the military contingent stationed there. The intra-fortress space was divided into two functional zones, residential and industrial buildings (up to 50% of the total area) and the unbuilt territory, which could be a refuge for the population of the neighbouring area. The excavations of residential areas indicate their ordinary character. As in the previous period, the basilica was topographic, ideological, and administrative centre of the settlement. Specifically, archaeological research has not discovered traces of the fortified centre (citadel) at Mangup, though such centre was typical of many towns and fortresses of the Byzantine Empire from the Middle Byzantine Period on. Throughout the Theme Period, the population of the town in question continued cattle-breeding and agriculture, with viticulture and commercial winemaking oriented to exportation gradually became specialized branches. The Byzantine administration controlled the winemaking, as evidenced by the finds of stationary winepresses in the habitable zone of the fortress.
Crimea, Mangup, Doros, Byzantine theme, tourmarchos, topoteretes, Tsoulas, Byzantine town
1. Aibabin A.I. Etnicheskaia istoriia rannevizantiiskogo Kryma [Ethnic History of the Early Byzantine Crimea]. Simferopol, Dar Publ., 1999, 352 p.
2. Alekseenko N.A. Byzantine administration on the Bosporus in the second half of the 10th century (according to the monuments of sphragistics). Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2006, vol. 12, pp. 564-570.
3. Alekseenko N.A. New finds of Byzantine seals in the Crimea. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2011, vol. 40, pp. 121-135.
4. Alekseenko N.A. On Rare Bronze Coins (Anokhin 351) of Medieval Taurika. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2016, vol. 21, pp. 248-256.
5. Anokhin V.A. Monetnoe delo Khersonesa (IV v. do n.e. - XII v. n.e.) [Mining of Chersonesos (4th century BC - 12th century AD)]. Kyev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1977, 176 p.
6. Veimarn E.V., Loboda I.I., Pioro I.S., Choref M.Ia. Archaeological Research of the Capital of the Principality of Theodoro. Bibikov S.N. (Ed.), Feodal’naia Tavrika. Materialy po istorii i arheologii Kryma [Feudal Taurica. Materials on the History and Archaeology of the Crimea], Kyev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1974, pp. 123-139.
7. Vinogradov A.Iu. The Inscription from Tabana-dere: 500 years later. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2009, vol. 39, pp. 262-271.
8. Vinogradov A.Iu. The maim reserch problems and questions of researches in Byzantine epigraphy of Mangup. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2017, vol. 22, pp. 278-298.
9. Gantsev V.K. Rotary Millstones of the 9th-11th Centuries from the Excavations of the Mangup Princely Palace. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2020, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 131-141.
10. Gertsen A.G. Fortress Ensemble of Mangup. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 1990, vol. 1, pp. 87-166.
11. Gertsen A.G. Khazars in Doros-Mangup. Khazarskii al’manakh [Khazar almanac], Kharkiv, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 29-34.
12. Gertsen A.G. Doros-Theodoro (Mangup): from an early Byzantine fortress to a feudal city. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2003, vol. 34, pp. 94-112.
13. Gertsen A.G., Alekseenko N.A. Byzantine seals from excavations of Mangup-Kale. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2002, vol. 33, pp. 59-65.
14. Gertsen A.G., Ivanova O.S., Naumenko V.E. Archaeological Research in the District of St. Constantine Church (Mangup): III Horizon of Building (the middle 9th - the beginning of the 10th centuries). Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2010, vol. 16, pp. 240-295.
15. Gertsen A.G., Ivanova O.S., Naumenko V.E., Smokotina A.V. Archaeological Research in the District of St. Constantine Church (Mangup): I Horizon of Building (the 16th-18th centuries). Materialy po akrheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2007, vol. 13, pp. 233-298.
16. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E. The Pottery of 9th-11th centuries from a residential complex on Teshkli-burun cape. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2001, vol. 32, pp. 127-147.
17. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E. Glazed Ceramics from Excavations of Mangup’s Citadel. Bocharov S.G., Myts V.L. (Eds.), Polivnaia keramika Sredizemnomor’ia i Prichernomor’ia X-XVIII vv.: sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Tom I [Glazed Pottery of Mediterranean and Black Sea Region of the 10th-18th Centuries: collective papers. Vol. I], Kyev, Stylos Publ., 2005, pp. 257-287.
18. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E. On the history of the Mangup Citadel (based on Archaeological Research on the South-Eastern Slope of Teshkli-burun cape). Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2006, vol. 37, pp. 384-432.
19. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E. Octagonal Church of Mangup’s Citadel: Questions of Chronology and Architectural Composition. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Transactions of the State Hermitage Museum], 2010, vol. 53, pp. 227-253.
20. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E. For the Study in the History of Mangup from the Eighth to the Eleventh Century: the Condition of Sources and Perspectives for Research. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2018, vol. 23, pp. 615-640.
21. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E., Dushenko A.A. Prince’s Palace at the Ancient City of Mangup. Stratigraphy of the 2006-2017 Research Area (A Preliminary Communication). Alekseenko N.A. (Ed.), ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: imperiia i polis. X Mezhdunarodnyi Vizantiiskii seminar [X International Byzantine Seminar “ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: empire and polis”], Sevastopol, Simferopol, Kolorit Publ., 2018, pp. 53-58.
22. Gertsen A.G., Naumenko V.E., Gantsev V.K. The Rock-Cut Wine Presses at Mangup. Alekseienko N.A. (Ed.), ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: imperiia i polis. XI Mezhdunarodnyi Vizantiskii seminar [XI International Byzantine Seminar “ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: empire and polis”], Simferopol, Kolorit Publ., 2019, pp. 79-86.
23. Gertsen A.G., Sidorenko V.A. Chamnuburun Hoard of Imitation Coins. To the Dating of the Western Section of the Fortifications of Mangup. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 1988, vol. 24, pp. 120-135.
24. Gertsen A.G., Zemlyakova A.Iu., Naumenko V.E., Smokotina A.V. Stratigraphic studies on the south-eastern slope of Teshkli-burun cape (Mangup). Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2006, vol. 12, pp. 371-494.
25. Dushenko A.A. Strengthening A.XI Mangup Main Line of Defence. Istoriia i arkheologiia Kryma [History and Archaeology of the Crimea], Simferopol, 2022, vol. 16, pp. 271-310.
26. Maiko V.V. Concerning the Establishment of Medieval Horizons of Mangup from the Ninth to Eleventh Centuries. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2017, vol. 22, pp. 152-159.
27. Moiseev D.A. Archaeological Complex of Building Ceramic from Excavations Settlement of 9th-10th Centuries in Lagernaya Gully (Mangup). Drevnosti 2011 [Antiquities 2011], Kharkiv, 2011, vol. 10, pp. 172-190.
28. Naumenko V.E. Amphorae; High Neck Jugs with Wide Strap Handles. Zin’ko V.N., Ponomarev L.Yu. Tiritaka. Raskop XXVI. Tom I. Arheologicheskie kompleksy VIII-X vv. [Tyritake. Excavation Trench XXVI. Vol. I. Archaeological Assemblages 8th-10th centuries AD], Simferopol, Kerch, ADEF-Ukraine Publ., 2009, pp. 35-57.
29. Naumenko V.E. Taurika in Russian-Byzantine Relations in the middle of 10th - early 11th C.: (Historical and Archaeological Comment). Alekseienko N.A. (Ed.), ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: «imperiia» i «polis». Vyp. 1. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov [ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: «empire» and «polis». Vol. 1. Collection of scientific papers], Sevastolpol, Intersphera Publ., 2013, pp. 189-191.
30. Naumenko V.E. From the Theme Klimata to the Theme of Cherson: Characteristics of Byzantine Military and Administrative Model in Taurica. Jackson T.N. (Ed.), Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy. 2014 god: Drevniaia Rus’ i srednevekovaia Evropa: vozniknovenie gosudarstv [The Earliest States of Eastern Europe. 2014. Old Rus’ and Medieval Europe: The Origin of States], Moscow, Russian Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Science Publ., 2016, pp. 475-506.
31. Naumenko V.E. Mangup-Doros of the Middle Byzantine period. History, Topography, Functions of the fortified settlement. Mel’nikova E.A. (Ed.), XXXI Chteniia pamiati chlena-korrespondenta AN SSSR V.T. Pashuto «Vostochnaia Evropa v drevnosti i srednevekov’e. Rannie etapy urbanizatsii»: materialy konferentsii [XXXI Readings Dedicated to the Memory of Vladimir Pashuto. Eastern Europe in the Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Early Stages of Urbanization], Moscow: Institute of World History RAS Publ., 2019, pp. 193-198.
32. Naumenko V.E., Dushenko A.A. Prince’s Palace in Ancient Mangup: Room H in the Southern Area of the Complex (According to the Materials of R.Kh. Leper’s Collection in the State Hermitage Museum and Recent Archaeological Researches). Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2017, vol. 22, pp. 187-238.
33. Naumenko V.E., Dushenko A.A., Gantsev V.K. Historical Topography of Mangup in the Theme Period: New Materials of Archaeological Researches. Alekseienko N.A. (Ed.), ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: imperiia i polis. XIV Mezhdunarodnyi Vizantiiskii seminar [ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: empire and polis. XIV International Byzantine Seminar], Simferopol, Arial Publ., 2022, pp. 165-178.
34. Naumenko V.E., Yakushechkin A.V. The Byzantine Coins Excavated at the Palace of Mangup. A General Review of the Collection. Alekseienko N.A. (Ed.), PriPONTiiskii meniala: den’gi mestnogo rynka. IX Mezhdunarodnyi Numizmaticheskii simpozium [Pontic Money-Changer: Money of the Local Market. IX International Numismatic Symposium]. Simferopol, Arial Publ., 2022, pp. 167-182.
35. Romanchuk A.I., Sazanov A.V., Sedikova L.V. Amfory iz kompleksov vizantiiskogo Khersona [Amphorae from the complexes of Byzantine Kherson]. Ekaterinburg, Ural University Press, 1995, 169 p.
36. Sidorenko V.A. Church and Municipal Productions Cast Kherson-Byzantine Coins in 9th - the beginnings 13th Centuries. Alekseienko N.A. (Ed.), ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: «imperiia» i «polis». Vyp. 1. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov [ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: «empire» and «polis». Vol. 1. Collection of scientific papers]. Sevastolpol, Intersphera Publ., 2013, pp. 267-292.
37. Sidorenko V.A. Bronze Coins with the Image of “The Cross Constantine” and “Beta”, classifies medieval Cherson, and the Chamnuburun Hoard. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2016, vol. 21, pp. 257-286.
38. Smokotina A.V. Byzantine Glazed Ceramics of the 7th - the first half of the 9th Centuries from the Excavations in Mangup. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2003, vol. 10, pp. 172-181.
39. Stupko M.V., Turovsky E.Ia. Cast Coins in Medieval Chersonese. Stratum plus, 2010, no. 6, pp. 187-200.
40. Tikhanova M.A. Basilika. Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR [Materials and research on archaeology of the USSR], Moscow, Leningrad, AN SSSR Publ., 1953, no. 34, pp. 334-389.
41. Khrushkova L.G. On the discussion about the time when the Mangup basilica was constructed. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in archaeology, history and ethnography of Tauria], 2017, vol. 22, pp. 107-138.
42. Choref M.M. The Coinage of Kherson in the first half of the 8th Century. Materialy po arkheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Kryma [Materials in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Crimea], 2010, vol. 2, pp. 192-198.
43. Alekséenko N.A. Un tourmarque de Gothie sur un sceau inédit de Cherson. Revue des Études Byzantines, 1996, vol. 54, pp. 271-275.
44. Cheynet J.-C. Toparque et topotèrètès a la fin du 11e s. Revue des Études Byzantines, 1984, vol. 42, pp. 215-224.
45. Gelichi S., Negrelli C. Anfore e commerci nell’alto Adriatico tra VIII e IX secolo. Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome. Moyen Age, 2008, vol. 120/2, pp. 307-326.
46. Glukatzi-Ahrweiler H. Recherches sur l’administration de l’Empire Byzantin aux IX-XI s. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 1960, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 1-109.
47. Günsenìn N. Les amphores byzantines (X-XIII s.): typologie, production, circulation d’après les collections Turques. Paris, De L’Université de Paris I Press, 1990, 319 p.
48. Hayes J.W. Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul. Vol. 2. The Pottery. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1992, 455 p.
49. Oikonomides N. Les Listes des préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles. Paris, Centre National de la recherché scientifique Publ., 1972, 403 p.
50. Poulou N. Transport Amphoras and Trade in the Aegean from the 7th to the 9th Century AD: Containers for Wine or Olive Oil? Byzantina, 2018, vol. 35, pp. 195-216.
51. Poulou-Papadimitriou N., Nodarou E. Transport vessels and maritime trade routes in the Aegean from the 5th to the 9th C. AD. Preliminary results of the EU Funded «Pythagoras II» Project: the Cretan case study. Poulou-Papadimitriou N., Nodarou E., Kilikoglou V. (Eds.). Late Roman Coarse Wares 4. Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and archaeometry. Vol. I. Oxford, BAR, 2014, pp. 873-883.
52. Vroom J. Byzantine to Modern Pottery (7th to 20th Century). An introduction and Field Guide. Bijleveld, Parnassus Press, 2005, 224 p.
53. Vroom J. The Byzantine Web. Pottery and Connectivity between the Southern Adriatic and the Eastern Mediterranean. Gelichi S., C. Negrelli C. (Eds.). Adriatico altomedievale (VI-XI secolo). Scambi, porti, produzioni. Venice, 2017, pp. 285-310.
