Впервые о «древнем городе и крепости», расположенном поблизости от Мангупа и поселения Черкес-Кермен, сообщил польский посланник к крымскому хану Мартин Броневский, осмотревший памятник в 1578 г. Историческое название города не сохранилось. В трудах путешественников руины безымянного города зачастую называли Черкесской крепостью или Черкес-Кермен, по имени близлежащей деревни. К концу XIX в. за памятником закрепилось нарицательное название Эски-Кермен (в переводе с крымско-татарского «старая крепость»), использование которого местным населением зафиксировано еще в XVIII в. В последние десятилетия XVIII – XIX в. живописные руины пещерного города пользовались популярностью у путешественников, в записках которых, наряду с мифами и легендами о древнем городе, содержится ценная информация о состоянии памятника и об отдельных объектах на его территории. В результате археологических раскопок 1928–1934, 1936–1937, 1978–1982 гг. на плато открыты остатки оборонительных сооружений, культовых комплексов, участки городской застройки и некрополь, что позволило говорить о существовании здесь в Средние века типичного провинциального византийского города. Археологические исследования последних десятилетий значительно расширили представление о планировке города. В работе анализируются все, известные на сегодняшний день, данные по топографии города. На основании раскопок последних лет реконструируется топография города в разные периоды его существования – начиная с ранневизантийского (конец VI – VII в.) и заканчивая золотоордынским (XIV в.).
Византия, Юго-Западный Крым, пещерные города, плато Эски-Кермен, топография
1. Aibabin A.I. Excavations of Eski-Kermen cemetery. Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1978 g. [Archaeological discoveries of 1978], Moscow, 1979, pp. 286-287.
2. Aibabin A.I. Excavations of Eski-Kermen cemetery in 1978-1979. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniia na Ukraine v 1978-1979 gg. [Archaeological research in Ukraine in 1978-1979], Kiev, 1980, pp. 167-168.
3. Aibabin A.I. Excavations of early medieval cemeteries in the Crimean Mountains. Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1982 g. [Archaeological discoveries of 1982], Moscow, 1984, pp. 239-240.
4. Aibabin A.I. The Main Stages in the History of the Town Site at Eski-Kermen. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 1991, vol. 2, pp. 43-51, 236-242.
5. Aibabin A.I. Etnicheskaia istoriia rannevizantiiskogo Kryma [Ethnic history of the early Byzantine Crimea]. Simferopol, Dar Publ., 1999, 352 p.
6. Aibabin A.I. Some Aspects of the History of Gothian Diocese of the South-Western Crimea. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2006, vol. 12, pp. 615-626.
7. Aibabin A.I. Problems on Chronology of Byzantine Fortress on Eski-Kermen Plateau. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2007, vol. 13, pp. 129-150.
8. Aibabin A.I. Site on the Plateau of Eski-Kermen during the Period of Khazars’ Predominance in Crimea. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2010, vol. 16, pp. 214-239.
9. Aibabin A.I. City on the Plateau of Eski-Kermen in 13th Century. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2014, vol. 19, pp. 240-277.
10. Aibabin A.I. On the Date of Destruction of the Site on the Plateau of Eski-Kermen. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2014, vol. 42, pp. 215-227.
11. Aibabin A.I. On the Reform of the Administrative System of Byzantium’s Possessions in the Crimea in the Last Quarter of the 6th Century. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2017, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 38-45. https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2017.5.4.
12. Aibabin A.I. A Town of Thema Chersonos on the Plateau of Eski-Kermen. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2019. Vyp. 47. S. 20-28.
13. Aibabin A.I. Toponym Klimata in the Medieval Crimea. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2019, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 6-17. https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.6.1.
14. Aibabin A.I. The Early Byzantine and Khazar Periods in the Evolution of the Towns on the Inner Mountain Ridge in the Crimea. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2021, vol. 26, pp. 475-497.
15. Aibabin A.I. Research the central part of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau. Itogi arkheologicheskikh issledovanii tsentral’noi chasti goroda na plato Eski-Kermen v 2018-2020 gg. [The results of archaeological research of the central part of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau in 2018-2020], Simferopol, Antikva Publ., 2021, pp. 5-25. (Materials of the Eski-Kermen expedition. Vol. I).
16. Aibabin A.I., Khairedinova E.A. Late Medieval Chapel on Eski-Kermen Plateau. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2011, vol. 17, pp. 422-457.
17. Aibabin A.I., Khairedinova E.A. Krymskie goty strany Dori (seredina III - VII v.) [Crimean Goths in the region of Dory (mid-third to seventh century)]. Simferopol, Antikva Publ., 2017, 366 p.
18. Aibabin A.I., Khairedinova E.A. Excavations on cemetery near the Church of Three Riders (Eski-Kermen Plateau). Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Transactions of the State Hermitage Museum], 2019, vol. 99, pp. 266-280.
19. Aibabin A.I., Khairedinova E.A. Fourteenth-Century Slabbed Graves at Eski-Kermen Plateau. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2019, vol. 24, pp. 250-276.
20. Aibabin A.I., Khairedinova E.A. Excavations at Eski-Kermen Site in 2019. Vestnik Rossiiskogo fonda fundamental’nykh issledovanii. Gumanitarnye i obshchestvennye nauki [Bulletin of the Russian Fund for Basic Research. Humanities and social sciences], 2020, vol. 2 (99), pp. 134-143.
21. Aibabin A.I., Khairedinova E.A. Quarter Churches of the Mediaeval Town atop Eski-Kermen Plateau. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 2020, vol. 48, pp. 310-326.
22. Aufshnaiter M. New Studies of the Caves of the Settlement Eski-Kermen. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2008, vol. 14, pp. 316-332.
23. Bert’e-Delagard A.L. Study of some puzzling questions of the Middle Ages in Taurida. Izvestiia Tavricheskoi uchenoi arkhivnoi komissii [News of the Taurida Scientific Archival Commission], 1920, vol. 57, pp. 1-135.
24. Bronevskii Martin. Description of Crimea (Tartariae Descriptio). Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostei [The proceedings of the Odessa Society for History and Antiquities], 1867, vol. 6, pp. 333-367.
25. Flavius Vegetius Renatus. Epitoma Rei Militaris. Grecheskie poliorketiki. Vegetsii [Greek polyorketics. Vegetius]. Transl. S.P. Kondrat’ev. St Petersburg, Aleteiia Publ., 1996, pp. 153-306.
26. Veimarn E.V. Defensive structures of Eski-Kermen (Experience of reconstruction). Istoriia i arkheologiia srednevekovogo Kryma [History and archeology of the medieval Crimea], Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1958, pp. 7-54.
27. Veimarn E.V. Residential estates of the Eski-Kermen settlement. Antichnaia drevnost’ i srednie veka [Antiquity and the Middle Ages], 1982, vol. 19, pp. 69-88.
28. Gablits K.I. Fizicheskoe opisanie Tavricheskoi oblasti, po ee mestopolozheniiu i po vsem trem tsarstvam prirody [Physical description of the Tauride region, according to its location and all three kingdoms of nature]. St Petersburg, 1785, 199 p.
29. Guillou A. Vizantiiskaia tsivilizatsiia [Byzantine civilization]. Ekaterinburg, E-Faktoriia Publ., 2005, 546 p.
30. Efimov A.V. The village of Cherkes Kermen in the documents of the 16th-18th centuries. Issledovaniia tsentral’noi chasti goroda na plato Eski-Kermen v 2020-2021 gg. [Research of the central part of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau in 2020-2021], Simferopol, Antikva Publ., 2022 (in print). (Materials of the Eski-Kermen expedition. Vol. 2).
31. Karaulov G.A. Crimean cave cities and crypts. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostei [The proceedings of the Odessa Society for History and Antiquities], 1872, vol. 8, pp. 56-108.
32. Keppen P.I. O drevnostiakh Iuzhnogo Berega i gor Tavricheskikh [On the Antiquities of the South Coast and the Tauride Mountains]. St Petersburg, Academy of Sciences Publ., 1837, 409 p.
33. Kozen F.A. Extract from a letter about Troglodytes. Zhurnal putei soobshcheniia [Journal of the ways of communication], 1828, vol. 12, pp. 13-48.
34. Kuznetsov A.G. Mountain range Eski-Kermen as a geological monument of the Crimea. Geopolitika i ekogeodinamika regionov [Geopolitics and ecogeodynamics of regions], Simferopol, 2014, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 680-683.
35. Lositskii Iu.G., Parshina E.A. Eski-Kermen Basilica. Pravoslavnye drevnosti Tavriki [Orthodox Antiquities of Taurica], Kiev, Stilos Publ., 2002, pp. 99-113.
36. Medvedev I.P. On the Issue of the Non-Authenticity of the So-Called Toparcha Gothicus. Mir Aleksandra Kazhdana [The World of Alexander Kazhdan], Saint Petersburg, Aleteya Publ., 2003, pp. 160-172.
37. Mogarichev Yu.M. Peshchernye tserkvi Tavriki [Cave churches of Taurica]. Simferopol, Tavriia Publ., 1997, 384 p.
38. Mogarichev Yu.M. The “Cave Town” of Eski Kermen in A.S. Uvarov’s Description. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2017, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 56-74. https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2017.5.6.
39. Efimova A.V. (ed). Osmanskii reestr zemel’nykh vladenii Iuzhnogo Kryma 1680-kh godov [Ottoman register of land holdings of the Southern Crimea in the 1680s]. Moscow, Institut Naslediia Publ., 2021, 602 p.
40. Pallas Petr Simon. Nabliudeniia, sdelannye vo vremia puteshestviia po iuzhnym namestnichestvam Russkogo gosudarstva v 1793-1794 godakh [Observations made during a trip to the southern governorships of the Russian state in 1793-1794], Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1999, 246 p.
41. Parshina E.A. Eski-Kermen Basilica. Bibikov S.N. (ed.), Arkhitekturno-arkheologicheskie issledovaniia v Krymu [Architectural and archaeological research in the Crimea], Kiev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1988, pp. 36-59.
42. Popov A.N. Vtoraia uchebnaia ekskursiia Simferopol’skoi muzhskoi gimnazii v Bakhchisarai i ego okrestnosti [The second educational excursion of the Simferopol male gymnasium to Bakhchisaray and its environs]. Simferopol, 1888, 131 p.
43. Ravdonikas V.I. Cave towns of the Crimea and the Goth problem in connection with the stadial development of the Northern Black Sea region. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1932, vol. 12, pp. 5-106.
44. Repnikov N.I. Eski-Kermen in the Light of Archaeological Explorations in 1928-1929. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1932, vol. 12, pp. 107-152.
45. Repnikov N.I. Excavations of the Eski-Kermen burial ground in 1928 and 1929. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1932, vol. 12, pp. 153-180.
46. Repnikov N.I. Remains of the Fortifications of Eski Kermen. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1932, vol. 12, pp. 181-212.
47. Repnikov N.I. Eski-Kermen lift road. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1935, vol. 117, pp. 18-42.
48. Sumarokov P.I. Dosugi krymskogo sud’i ili vtoroe puteshestvie v Tavridu [Leisure activities of a Crimean judge or a second trip to Tauris]. Part 2. St Petersburg, 1805, 330 p.
49. Siuziumov M.Ia. Economy of the suburbs of the Byzantine major cities. Vizantiiskii vremennik [Byzantina Xronika], 1956, vol. 11(36), pp. 55-81.
50. Tunkina I.V. On the history of the study of the “Gothic problem” in Soviet archeology in the 1920s - early 1930s. Trudy II (XVIII) Arkheologicheskogo s»ezda v Suzdale [Proceedings of the II (XVIII) Archaeological Congress in Suzdal], Moscow, 2008, vol. 3, pp. 249-251.
51. Khairedinova E.A. Excavations of Necropolis on the Slope of Eski-Kermen Plateau in 2006-2008. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2010, vol. 16, pp. 140-213.
52. Khairedinova E.A. A Quarry on the Road Ascending to the Ancient Town of Eski-Kermen. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2016, vol. 21, pp. 193-207.
53. Khairedinova E.A. Archaeological excavations of the central part of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau in 2018-2020. Itogi arkheologicheskikh issledovanii tsentral’noi chasti goroda na plato Eski-Kermen v 2018-2020 gg. [The results of archaeological research of the central part of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau in 2018-2020], Simferopol, Antikva Publ., 2021, pp. 26-143. (Materials of the Eski-Kermen expedition. Vol. I).
54. Khrapunov N.I., Gin’kut N.V. The Crimea in 1784 According to French Traveller Baron de Baert’s Account. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2015, vol. 20, pp. 395-430.
55. Cherkasov S.D., Akinin O.I., Korneeva E.A., Sabri M.M. Absorption of Water of Crimean Nummulite Limestone. Stroitel’stvo unikal’nykh zdanii i sooruzhenii [Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures], 2018, vol. 8 (71), pp. 63-72.
56. Shmit F.I. Eski-Kermen Basilica. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1932, vol. 12, pp. 213-254.
57. Ernst N.L. Eski-Kermen and cave cities of Crimea. Izvestiia Tavricheskogo obshchestva istorii, arkheologii i etnografii [Proceedings of the Tauride Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography], 1929, vol. 3, pp. 15-43.
58. Iakobson A.L. Temple model from the excavations of Eski-Kermen in the Crimea and the problem of a new architectural style in Byzantium. Zograf, Beograd, 1976, vol. 7, pp. 30-33.
59. Ajbabin A.I. Die mittelalterliche Siedlung auf dem Plateau Ėski Kermen. Albrecht S., Daim F., Herdik M. (Hrsg.), Die Höhensiedlungen im Bergland der Krim. Umwelt, Kulturaustausch am Nordrand des Byzantinischen Reiches, Mainz, 2013, pp. 165-232. (Monographien RGZM. Band 113).
60. Aufschnaiter M., Tobias B. Untersuchungen zu den Höhlen der Siedlung Eski Kermen. Albrecht S., Daim F., Herdik M. (Hrsg.), Die Höhensiedlungen im Bergland der Krim. Umwelt, Kulturaustausch am Nordrand des Byzantinischen Reiches, Mainz, 2013, pp. 233-250. (Monographien RGZM. Band 113).
61. Cramer A., Heinz G. Vermessung- und Dokumentationsarbeiten in Bergland der Krim. Albrecht S., Daim F., Herdik M. (Hrsg.), Die Höhensiedlungen im Bergland der Krim. Umwelt, Kulturaustausch am Nordrand des Byzantinischen Reiches, Mainz, 2013, pp. 379-402. (Monographien RGZM. Band 113).
62. Dictionnaire national ou dictionnaire universel de la langue française en deux tomes par M. Bescherelle Aîné. T. II, septième édition. Paris, Chez Garnier Frères éditeurs, 1958, 1683 p.
63. Dubois de Montperreux F. Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tscherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée. Tom 6. Paris, Librairie de Gide, 1845, 460 p.
64. Mémoire. Extrait du journal d’un Voyage fait, au printemps de 1784, dans la partie méridionale de la Russie. Voyages historiques et géographiques dans les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne. Troisième partie. Paris, Deterville librairie, 1798, pp. 1-98.
65. Montandon C.H. Guide de voyageur en Crimee. Odessa, 1834, 385 p.
66. Pallas P.S. Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die Südlichen Statthalterschaften des Russischen Reichs, in den Jahren 1793 und 1794. Bd. 2. Leipzig, 1801.
67. Procopius. On Buildings. Translated by H.B. Dewing, G. Downey. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1940, 363 p.
68. Ševčenko I. The date and author of the so-called fragments of toparcha Gothicus. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 1971, vol. 25, pp. 115-188.
69. Schilbach E. Byzantinische Metrologie. München, 1970, 291 p.
70. Vasiliev A.A. The Goths in the Crimea. Cambridge, Mass., 1936, 292 p. (Monographs of the Medieval Academy of America. No. 11).
71. Veimarn E.V. Report on the work on the excavation of an ancient water pipeline in the area of the Eski-Kermen settlement in 1931-1933. Izvestiia Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury [Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture], 1935, vol. 117, pp. 47-76.
